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4 

5 

6 

^  i^    -0  ^^ "  ""/*  '^^« 


/O-     (^Ci^/^^^ 


[From  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Philological  Association,  1872.] 


NOTES  ON  THE  LINGOA  GERAL 
OR  MODERN   TUPl  OF  THE  AMAZONAS. 


r.  0    '' 


/ 


Bt  CIIAS.  FRED.  HARTT,  M.  A. 

PROFESSOR  OF    GEOLOGY    IN    COKNELr  UNIVERSITY,    ITHACA,    N.    Y. 


v 


Jt 


.H3 


NOTES  ON  THE  LINGO  A  GERAL  OR  MODERN 
TUPI  or  THE  AMAZONAS. 


The  groat  Tiipf-Oiiaraiil  slock,  in  its  migrations  over  South 
America  cast  of  llio  Andes,  hi'oko  np,  long  ago,  into  a  largo 
number  of  tribes,  wliicli,  living  apart  from  one'  another, 
developed,  in  course  of  time,  more  or  loss  distinct  manners 
and  customs,  religious  ideas,  and  languages.  Of  these  groat 
divisions  of  the  stock  we  have,  for  instance,  the  Guaranis  of 
Paraguay;  the  Apiaciis  of  Central  Hrazil ;  the  ilundurucus, 
the  Maues,  and  Omauas  (Omaguas)  ol  the  Amazonas  ;  llie 
Tnpis  proper  of  the  Brazilian  coast  and  tlic  Amazonas,  now 
almost  entirely  civilized  ;  and  other  tribes  which  I  shall  not 
here  enumerate. 

The  languages  of  these  tribes  appear  at  first  sight  to  ditTei' 
widely  from  one  another  ;  l)ut,  so  far  as  we  know,  they  all  have 
the  same  general  structure,  and  the  roots  are,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  the  same  in  all.  Unlike  the  North  American 
Indian  tongues  the  languages  of  the  Tui)i-Guarani  family  are 
not  polysynthetic  in  structure,  and  the  Tupi  is  remarkable  for 
abounding  in  general  terms. 

When  Brazil  was  discovered  the  Tupi  was  spoken  along  the 
whole  coast,  and  this  led  the  old  writers  to  give  it  the  name 
Lingoit  Geral  Jirazilica,  or  the  general  Brazilian  language. 
The  Tupf  was  adoi)ted  by  the  Jesuits  and  used  in  their  inter- 
course with  the  natives.  The  missionaries  preached  and 
wrote  in  it,  and  grammars,  vocabularies,  catechisms,  prayers, 


.M 


'  I— .S^IMmh 


On  the  Limjoa   Gn-aJ  ,f  th'  Amazona.. 


S 


1  I 


hymns   .fcc,  l.y  Anchi..ta,  Ki.uoira,  .uul  others,  are  extant, 

able  ly|...:.'n.|.liic"l  ■•'■n>r»-  ^„„,„j  jo 

Witl,  .!■„  civi  ,«,(,....  .       •"',;,,,  ,'„,„,  ,„„  L!.„o., 

,,„  »,,„ko„  on  0,.  ..«..(.  !."■■  '       ™    ^  ,,^,.„  ,„  ,„c. 

«„,„,,  it  U  Mill".  -,..  .,,,  U  .  ^^^^^^  ^     _^^^^_^^^  ^  .^,^^^^ 

.ca, no.  .,.,ly  by    ...11^    »  -I  Z'       "  J    ,,^„„^,.,„  „„„„„,„.  .„.  ,„c 
or  di,T,.n.,>t  ^..,cU  »•',•,,„,,  i,i,„  ;,  ■,.  ,|,c  .,„ly  Un- 

Goal"' .  -'™» i^ -' "•« ""' ■'■">■""■ '"" ■'"^":!:-,„ : 

4,ciaioi  in  ,,.,,,,,,,,,,  the  two  dilVrr  even  more  than 

nrouunciation  and  >UiKtuit  >nc 

u». ^'';'';;■"•r;:,tc::inT;;aL::;:;:-l. 

rt.::;;::..*r'-::ti,,,.o....n-.c.,,.c„i.Hu. 

,   1  l,„t  ..Iso  or  tlioso  close  to  one  iuiotliei-. 
"Coffees  onltU.--«,  which  IcaJs   all   nations  to 
si,u     IV    he   llnunciation  or   words   by  d™,,„.„s  "-■'»." 

Sl'lfil^'Crtcy  the  double  lette.,..  and  ,.Mhe 


J 


4  c.  F.  n,ntt, 

latter  l.cii.K  ofton  initial.  Thoufj^h  tlu"  cM  tonus  are  here 
and  tlicro  preserved,  the  ^r,.„eral  tendency  has  been  to 
Bh.M-ten  them  l.y  dro]^nu<i  the  ./  IVoni  ml  and  the  /-  from  wb. 
This  the  old  Innn  of  the  pronoun,  second  person  sin<,nilar, 
was  imle.  This  is  still  frecpiently  used,  ..specially  in  ccrtr.in 
localities,  but  the  more  common  form  is  iur.  So  the  old 
form  mnichlr,  to  marry,  has  given  way  to  mnmr;  Imt  in  no 
case,  so  far  as  1  have  ol)served,  has  the  n  been  dropped  leav- 
■ng  the  d  alone;  in  fact,  this  consonant  is  never  found  unless 

combined  with  n. 

In  the  case  ol  mh  the  f>  is  usually  dropped,  very  rarely  it  is 
them;  thus,  the  old  form  //*/..rr.  thing,  is  s.iU  largely  used, 
but  more  commonly  it  is  simplilictl  to  mu';  1  have  a  few  times 
heard  l>a<^.  M^i'a  is  snake,  but  one  hears  moi'a  In  one  place 
and  bo>'a  in  another.  It  is  from  this  word  that  the  English 
word  hua  (-constrictor)  is  derived. 

Terminal  ,ir  may  become  <uf  or  a,  and  mbac  may  l)e  con- 
tracted to  md.  Th(>  termination  do)a  (dba  old  Tupi')  is  of 
very  fre(iuent  occurrence,  and  in  many  jAaci  s  it  is  contracted 
to  «,  as  ki)sd<M,  a  hammock,  k/lsd ;  ap!)(ido>a*  {apfldbo,  old 
Tupl)  a  man,  api/ffd.  The  initial  x  (sh)  is  here  and  the/e 
rcplaccrl  by  an  aspirate  (A)-  Changes  sach  as  these  cause 
the  pronunciation  to  vary  much  in  dilTercut  localities,  though 
they  nu.y  be  accompanied  l)y  no  important  changes  m  the 
strucfure  of  the  language. 

Of  the  modern  Tupf  or  I.ingoa  Geral  there  exists  no  pub- 
lished  .■■rammar  or  dictionary.  The  vocalndary  of  v.  Martins 
is  wretchedly  small  and  very  inaccurate.  The  best  vocabu- 
lary is  that  of  the  Padre  Seixas,  published  in  Par.l  m  18o3, 
for  the  use  of  the  Episcopal  Seminary  of  that  city.  It  is  a 
pamphlet  of  sixty-six  very  small  pages,  and  is  now  out  of 
print  and  extremely  rare.  Scixas  was,  however,  very  imper- 
fectly acquainted  with  the  language,  and  the  vocabrlary  is 

full  of  errors. 

Col.  Faria  of  01)ydos,  province  of  Parii,  published  in  18o» 
a  pamphlet  of  28  pp.,  entitled  Compendio  da  Lingoa  Brazilica, 

»  Whore  tlic  1/  is  very  gi'ttiiral  I  add  a  g.     St-c  page  6,  post. 


are  hero 
l)ccn  to 
1  fi'din  nib. 
siiifjular, 
in  certr/m 
)  the  old 
hut  in  no 
)|)chI  k'av- 
ukI  luiless 

rarely  it  is 
ir.jly  used, 
I  tow  times 
1  one  iilace 
lie  English 

laj  Ite  con- 
Ai\'<)  is  of 
contracted 
pildhd,  old 
and  the/e 
loso  cause 
ics,  t,lu)U<ifh 
sies  in  the 

sts  no  pub- 
V.  Martins 
:'st  vocabu- 
rd  in  1853, 
y.  It  is  a 
now  out  of 
very  imper- 
icabrlary  is 

led  in  1858 
a  BraziUca, 


<hi  llie  J.itii/nii  i!,'i;il  <>/  tin-   Aimr^niKiK.  5 

written  for  the  use  of  the  sun:!'  soniiuiiry,  hut.  curiously 
on.Mi-h,  it  is  I.;i.(m1  .hi  m  .liiil.MM  spnU.'U  nn  ih.-  upprr  IJio 
Ne^ro,  very  ililfcrrin.  I'nMu  the  Mi.^oii  (iiTal.  properly  so 
called,  iHi.l "not  intclliji-il.li' on  th."  Ania/on:is,  iit  lensl,  not  in 
Para!  'I'liis  Conipru'V",  in  niiiuy  respects  unr.iliiii.l.',  shows 
nevertheless  that  this  diiileet  preserves  some  important  feat- 
ures in  the  structure  of  tli.;  old  Tui-i  whicli  have  liecoj  '0 
obsolete  on  (he  Aina/onas. 

Four  years  a.u'o,  in   the   preparation  of  a  volume  -On  the 
r.eoloj-y'and  IMiysieal  Ceouraphy  ol  Ihazil,"  I  found  it  neces- 
sary to  study  tfie  derivation  of  llie  indi;-cnous  o-e,;oTaphieal 
names  of  that  country  iu  order  to  arrive  at  their  ortho-iraphy. 
Findinj-- this  a  dillicidi  task  with  llie  liooivs  at  hand,  1  deter- 
r.iincil  to  t  'keadvantaire  of  a  visit  to  the  Ania/onas  iu  ISTO,  to 
make  myself  familiar  with  tlic  l/uip)a  (Jeral.     While  traveling' 
1  n.ade  it  a  ])oiut,  as  far  a-  possible,  to  secure  as  -ui.les  na- 
tives who  spoke  Tup'i.  and.  usiuj;'  a  pboneti.;  alplialxM,  1  col- 
lected with  their  aid,  a  cousideral)le  vocal)ulary.     As  1  became 
s(miewhat  familiar  with  the  lan-ua-.;,  1  wrote  down  from  the 
lipsof  th(!  natives  hundreds  of  sentences  iUustratin,--'  its  -ram- 
maticnl  structure,  and,   hually,   having'  trained   two  of   u.y 
guides  to  dictate  to  me  iu  uingoa  (h^ral,  I  was  able  to  coUcct 
dialogues,    stories,     legends,    myths,    itc.      Kverything    was 
written  exactly  as  spoken,  and  afterwards,  with  tlic  aid  of 
natives,  c(U'recte(l  again  and  again,  so  as  to  reduce  tlie  chances 
of  error  to  a  ururuuum.     Ou  my  second  visit  to  the  Amazonas 
in  1.^71,  I  revised  the  work  of  the  previous  year  and  adilcd 
very  largely  to  n<y  material.     The  whole  is  now  in  course  of 
))reparation  for  the  press. 

In  this  little  paper  1  can  only  give,  ir.  a  general  way,  some 
of  the  peculiarities  of  the  structure  of  this  language.* 

In  the  Tupf,  as  spoken  on  the  Anuizonas to-day,  we  (indilie 
following  peculiarities  of  pronuiu.-iation.  'I'hc  vowels  a,  c,  i, 
0,  u,  (long)  and  a,  ,;,  /,  y,  «,  (sliort)  are  pronounced  nearly  as 
in  the  Portuguese.     IJetwcen  '.^ind    u   it  is  often  dilhcult  to 

»Thc  cxi\mplcs  ^ivun  air  just  as  I  wrof  tliein  down  IVoiii  tlic  lii.s  (if  tliu  natives. 
It  will  l)c  obseivoil  tliat  tlieiv  are  variations  iu  piouuiuiatioii  of  tlio  saiuo  wont. 
Sometimes  tliese  aro  local,  someiiuics  iiKlividiial. 
9 


f 


6 


('.  /•'.  //w/7^ 


i1isliii<inisli.     Ill  iiilditidii  Id  tlin  iiltovo  vowel  sounds  tlicro  is 
iiiiotlior  iv|.rcst(iitctl  !•>'  llif  lottor  (/y),  rcsciuldiiiii  tlu;  (icr- 
iiitiii  u,  hut  iiroiioiincfil  with  n  rnisijiji'  oftlic  l>iick  jiiirt  of  tlii' 
tongue,  as  in  llu;  iiroiiuiieiiUiou  of  tiu;  (Inman  /'■//.  so  tliiit 
the  vowel  is  aecoinpaiiied  by  a  more  or  less  <iUtMiral  sound, 
and  it  is  as  dillieult  to  iironouiice  as  to  deserilie.     in  the  word 
lor  water, //«y,  this  j^iiltural   l.reathiii^'  is  very  niarlved.     The 
sound  may  lie  imitated  liv  piaeing  the  iiaeli  of  tlie  toii<iue  in 
a  position  intermediate  lielweeii  that  re(|uired  I'ortlie  pronun- 
ciation of  the  rh  ill  /<•//,  and  the  4  in  />'»'■//.  and  then  attempt- 
ing to  |)ronouiiee  the   (lermaii  (7.     Tliis  same  snuiul  oeeiirs 
in  Miiiiiliinni'i,  Muur.und  in  several  other  Urazilian  languages. 
The  digraphs  <7/,  kk.  and  <~i  oecur  in  Lingoa  (Jcral. 

The  s(miids  represented  i>y./', //,./  (Knglish,  iMviudi,  ..,•  I'or- 
tiigiiese).  /.  i\  J-  (ks),  and  x,  do  not  oeeur;  />  is  round  only  in 
the  eompoimd  ml>,  or,   very  rarely,  in  words  originally  pro- 
nouiieed  Avith   mh,  t'roin  whieh   tiie   in    has  lieen   dropped:  d 
as  already  stated  is  Inuiid  only  in  the  eompoimd  ml,  and  never 
alone.     The   aspirate  //  oeeiira  only  in  those  rare  instanees 
where  it  rejilaees  ./•  (»//).     A  nasal  souiul  (/y)  is  of  very  I're- 
(juent  oeenrrenee  cspeeially   alter  a  short  i  as  iiin-ni  little. 
There  is   also   the   combination    'nii/.  whieh   is   exactly   the 
I'ortuguese  Cio  {am).     When  the  nasal  I'orms  part  of  a  syllalile 
in  the  miildlc  of  a  word  it  always  terminates  it,  and  no  part 
goes  over   to  the  next    syllalile,  thus:   iiurdijn  beautiful,  is 
pronounced   iniriiij-tt    and    not    pHrdij-ya.     This   makes    the 
language  somewhat  dillieiilt  to  pronounce.     The  ij  is  some- 
times initial,  as  in    ydndii  {nit/nndr,  Portuguese),  to  cheat. 
N,  pronounced  as  in  Spanish,  is  very  common  l>ut   it  tends 
to  pass  into    i/.     The   sound   C(inivalent  to  our   I'liiglish   lo 
I  rejirescnt  by  («,  to  avoid  it  being  mistaken  for  a  r*     Tiie 
only  double  consonants  are  inl>,  nd,  and  iit,  the  first  two  being 
usually  contracted  to  in  and  «,  and  the  latter  being  restricted 
to  the  word  inti  not,  so  that,  as  the  language  is  rich  in  vowels 

•  In  adopting  a  iihonetic  ulplnilict  for  tlic  Lin}:oi\  Goval  I  have  striven  to  make 
it  us  siniplf  as  possible  ami  i  liave  l.ased  it  on  to  tlie  I'ortnguese  so  as  to  make 
it  availal.Io  in  Bra/il.  It  lias  1  c  ii  1'ouihI,  liowever,  iinpractieal)1e  to  use  this 
aliihaljct  in  the  present  jinper.  I'or  the  diginpha  lu,  (lii,  and  ni,  I  proiiosu  liere- 
afier  to  use  linked  letters,  and  I  shall  substitute  anoilu  r  eliaraeter  lor  '"• 


\ 


'I 


/  i 


i 


s  tlicic  is 

tll(!    (!.T- 

iirt  of  tlic 

/[,  HO    tlllll 

ill    soiiixK 

I  tlif  word 
u-(l.     The 

tuii'iiic  ill 
10  |in)iinn- 

II  !itteiii|it- 

llul   IKHMirS 
UlllJllliljIt'S. 

cli,  ('■'  I'or- 
11(1  only  in 
iiiiilly  pro- 
i'o|i|)C(l ;  d 
.  and  uovor 
■  instil  noes 
.f  very  IVc- 
('/•///  little. 
.\i\ctly  tlio 
f  a  syllable 
id  no  part 
eaiitil'iil,  is 
makes  the 
y  is  sonie- 
,  to  cheat, 
at  it  tends 
English  to 
a  v.*  Tiie 
t  two  lieiiiy- 
;r  restricted 
li  in  vowels 

trivcii  to  miike 
I  M)  ;is  to  make 
)1e  to  list-  tliis 
I  liioiiosu  herc- 
Cor  f/i. 


Oil    tJir    Llii'jo'l    (!,i;if   nt'  t/h'    Aniiir-'ll'IS.  7 

and  reiiiiii'kiilily  frre  iV-mi  dull  sounds,  it  is  ii  ple;isnnl  one  to 
thoear.  The  aeconi  is  very  marked,  usually  la  Hi  iiji;  on  tlio 
last  sylliilile,  more;  rarely  on  tlie  penult. 

Tlici-i'  are  several  euphonic  eliiiiii't!s  which  are  interest iinj:. 
A  lai>(e  niiiiilter  of  words,  usually  pronounced  with  an  initial 
X,  may  iilso  lie  pronminci'il  with  iiii  initial  /.thus:  ^r,>«/ or 
/«>■,/  is  eye.lail  when  siiidi  word  follows  a  ucnilive  terniinatin<,' 
in  the  voW(ds  a  or  >■  the  initiiil  coiisoiiiint  is  chanji'ed  to  r. 
Y'liniira  rr»,i  wouhl  lie  the  do-^s  eye.  ,V»/-iV/  is  eirir,  .«-///»- 
hd'i  )-iii>'i<K  hen's  e^r^'.  In  this  'ast  case  1  have  never  met 
with  the  lorin  ^//</^^  lait  one  liiids  ihip>«i  in  .Mundnrncu,  ami 
wiiilr/ial'ii-a  ni/'-"i  lu'ii's  ejri:.  In  Mane  it  is  ii>ri'i>iihi  ni,;,i. 
The  same  chiiiiLiv  o!"  /  or  .x  into  i\  in  many  iustanc'cs,  takes 
place  in  verbs  alter  the  prelixrd  pronoun  in  the  accusative: 
as  Hifiii^i'i,  (»<mKfih,  old  Tupi  )  to  love,  br  nn-nnxn  I  love  theo. 
Olhi'i-  examples  of  this  chanjie  are  as  follows: 

Sitr  or  t'lr  body,    Hn;U'  my  body;    Viinipari  devil,  liiid 
spirit  ;   i/iir.i/iiirlrdtu  hell. 

Sometimes  an  r  is  added  lietween  words  for  the  siike  ot 
euphony,  thus  :  <>ka  house,    se-r-i1k<i,  Hrrakn,  my  house. 

Miiud  p  ar(>  to  ii  d-rtain  extent  interclianp;eal)le  and  we 
find  >iti)li(u  and  /'f/tnu,  to  rest,  and  niiu-'ix''!  and  piinix'H,  to 
dance.  I  have  elsewhere*  remiirked  tlnit  the  name  Mariinon 
(Spanish  form)  or  Maranhilo  (Portiijiuese  form)  api>lied  to 
the  Rio  das  Amazonas  is  doiilitless  the  same  as  pannia  sea  or 
river,  and  I  have  found  on  the  Tapajos  MitmnlH'K'zinho  as  the 
Portuguese  form  for  I'liraiKi-ml/Jn,  literally,  a  little  river. 

The  noun  is  indt'climible  :  i/mDrd  is  tree,  or  trees.  A  col- 
lective form  is  made  by  adding  ilii:  kunimi  (^kununiif)  boy, 
kummltd  boys,  in  general. 

The  genitive  is  denoted  by  position,  thus :  apjifjdma  man  ; 
appi/diiHi  Di/dra  the  man's  canoe. 

Many  nouns  are  formed  Ity  adding  certain  terminations  to 
verbs  or  iidjectives,  thus  : 

Mimdij  to  make  ;  moriaijdcna  the  place  where  something  is 
made  ;  )iwTuujdra  the  one  who  makes. 


*  Am.  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  July,  1372  (ser.  III.,  vol.  iv.). 


I  ,11  H* 


8 


('.    /•'.   llarit. 


/'lihf.f  niciiMiiijx  M\-]unAi,/'ln(l<!ni"ri'in<ini  is  (me  win.  niiikcs 
fi.sli-lKM.ks,  i\ii<l  i>'ni,l<ti)f>niiij<ioi<i  tilt!  iiliicf  wluTO  lisli-liiMiUs  iiro 
iimtli!,  wliciKU!  /'Inil'ini'>nli<w;/<(h((,  llif  iiaiiif  <il'  a  litllf  t<'\Mi 
ill  till'  pioviucc  (»r  ."^iiu  I'liulo. 

\]y  iiil(liii<r  till'  tcnuiiiiitioii  "'/""<  wo  Innu  tin'  ruUowiiiji : 
From  Kii/ii,  iulj.  triif,  kh/uhiioki,  liutli. 

kiihU  ikIJ.  Ji'""!*  kiitii»(iiii(i.  >i()(i(|iicss. 

iiKKix//,  iiilj.  sick,  mixiix!l>*(iii>,t,  sickiicsH. 


ifiniihit.  V.  to  liiilc, 
i/ii/'fr,  V.  to  iisfcml, 
/ci/ri/iiiii<i>(i,     \ 


i/iniiliiilx(fiii(i,  11  secret. 
i/ii/u'rlxiiiiKt,  an  tiscoiil. 


/cf/ri/iii(isiiii>(ij  ) 


-  strt'iiglh. 


h!)i-i^nihifina^    •  iidi.  strong,      ,,   -     ,      .       r 
ki/ri/iiil'(i,       ; 

Conipoiintl  words  iirc  formed  with  great  I'aeility.  niid  since 
llie  advent  of  Christianity  and  civilization  the  vocalnilary  has 
hei'ii  ninch  enriched  iiy  such  words,  the  great  majority  having 
been  introduced  hy  the  .lesnits.  Tii/>(in<i  is  God,  also  a  saint; 
(iHilii  a  walk,  march,  whence  Tiipdmi-iiHilif.  a  religions  jiroces- 
Hion  ;  i1/,(i  is  lionso,  7'/(y*«(;A-(^  (iod's  house,  a  cluirch  ;  miihiont 
is  (t  jinn,  a|i|iarenlly  the  fj/iloilrr,  from  the  verl)  viliuk  to 
explode, to  liiirsi,  nmlnioka  is  a  loi't,///»/y/w/(  hii'i*  is  gunpowder. 

Many  of  the  new  compound  words  are  too  cnnil>roiis,  and 
the  Portuguese,  modilied  in  ))roiiunciation,  is  tised  instead. 
Thus  W(!  find  the  following:  hiiiiixa,  a  shirt  {camixa.  Tort.); 
pnrdtii  a  plate  {pnitu,  Tort.)  ;  xn/xifi'i  a  shoe  (^ttdjMtto,  Port); 
ivirK'r  to  sell  {vend')',  Port.)  ;  (hhjhU-  a  steamer  (yupor,  Port.). 

My  guide  Maciel  descrii)od  a  steamer  in  true  Jndian  style 

as  : 

Kiinmit        Dgtira    "xu        ofimtii         okii'    tatd    ir/on, 
White  iimn's        cntioe        lii;;       walks  (iiwa)       tiiat       five        witii. 

or,  TliG  big  canoe  of  the  white  man  that  goes  hy  fire. 

*ijff)y'bd,  earth-powd  r,  is  mud ;  pini  hiii,  fish  t'nrinlia.  Kni  evidently  means 
that  whieh  is  (jrou'id  np liko  sand, gnnjiowder,  (ish  t'arinlia.  Fariii'tn  de  iimndiuni, 
the  common  food  of  the  Indians  of  Brazil  woidd  he  luauiuk  kni,  and  was  at  first 
doiihtlc^s  so  ealU'd,  lint,  as  the  f;'-'ii"s  of  the  lan;iuaKC  wonlil  not  allow  of  the 
doulilinii  i>f  a  consonant,  the  namr  was  and  wonid  he  to-ilay  prononneed  with 
(inlv  one  /.•.  In  time,  as  nnimliiiea  fariiilia  came  to  lie  tiie  faiitdu.  jinr  ixtillnicf, 
tlie  word  miiiiiiik  was  droppi'd  and  with  it  went  the  /•  from  kid,  leavini;  iil  as  the 
eoiiunon  luune  of  this  article  of  food.     Fish  farinha  is  still  /'/ik'  kni. 


*ll 


•1  looks  inn 
ittic  town 

iwiiii' : 


(S. 

rot.  . 

L'lll. 

-  i^trt'iiglli. 

niid  siiico 
liiiliiry  liiis 
ily  Iiiiviii";' 
so  ii  siiint ; 
)iis  jirocos- 
;  mitkiicna 
)  tiihuk  to 
uii]io\v(l('r. 
irons,  and 
d  iiistciid. 
*((<,  Port. ) ; 
itu,  rort); 

'<-/•,  Tort.). 
diaii  stylo 

ir /(})!, 

witli. 


iilciitly  menus 
I  (le  inumiioia, 
1(1  was  at  first 
t  allow  of  the 
iiouiu'cd  with 
jinr  ixttlliin'f, 
villi;  ui  as  llii; 


Ihi   l/n    l/ni'jiiii    lUinil  III'  til,'  .\iiiii~iiiiiin. 


u 


\ 


} 


lull!  inhii  itinLi'iiij 

(irr         uill'         two 


A  Ooiicll,  lie  ciillrd 

A'ui'fiDit      i/ififi'ii    iini'i  niiiiifii  mill'  fiiii/i   niji'i    kiiiiiiiri'i    Inhii, 
VVIiiti'  niaii'n      caiicic       Ml'      anv*       that      lainl       <iii  lim-f        with, — 

Tlio  canoe  of  tlic  wliitc  man  tliat  pirs  on  tlic  iiinimd  witli 

11  llOlSl!. 

Having  no  word  I'or  railroad  cariiagc,  lie  dcsciiiit'd  it  as 
follows: 

hili'liiiil         1)1/1  fj'il     iiKi'i    iiiiiiitii      mill' 
Wliili'  mail's  caiioc       lii;,'       ;:i)<'s       wiiiiji 

itii    j)itki'i-iiii/,i'i  fitr   riipl,     !l'"fl       iii'/ii\ 
Htiincn  l(iii;r    jcpiii,'    vi'iv    ii|i(m     nioiiin!    dn  tii|i  cif,— 

'l'lll'  liiii'  canoe  of  tlie  wliite  iiiiiii  tliat  lioes  liy  lire  on  two 
very  long  stones  (irons),  on  llie  top  of  tlie  irninml. 

'I'lie  lion  is  an  iiilrodiieed  fowl  to  wliieli  the  Indian  uavo 
tli(!  nanio  siiim/niiii,  llit-  sereanier,  IVoiii  the  verii  .lu/m/cifi,  to 
cry  out,  scream. 

Tlioro  arc  several  s|ieeies  of  lisli  in  I5ia/il  Ixdonu'lng  to  (Ik- 
geiKira  Sfrrasuliim  and  J'l/yomilriin  called  in  'i'lipf,  jiinirtu 
(/iiriiiihii,V()it.}  Ihnn  jiini  lisli.  and  tuTid  /<>"///,  for  tlio  teeth 
of  this  iisli  are  o.\eeediii}:ly  trenchant,  neeaiise  the  intro- 
duced Kni'oiicaii  scissors  hit  lilvc  ihr  jHrdna  they  received  tlio 
samo  iiaino.  Writers  on  Mrazil  liavo  quite  uniformly  sup- 
posed that  the  fish  was  namod  after  the  scissors. 

Our  Kiinlish  word  tapir  ('/'(iplnis  Ami'iuainiiK)  is  derived 
from  the  Tiipi  lapii'im.  When  the  ox  was  inlrodiicod  into 
Jirazil  its  resemiilaiico  to  tlic  tapir  led  the  Indian  to  iipply  to 
it  the  same  name,  hut,  hy  and  i)y,  the  ox  came  to  lie  of  more 
importance  than  the  tapir  and  monopolized  the  name.  To 
distinguish  the  tapir,  therefore,  the  epithet  kiui-m,'n;i^  ditudler 
in  the  J'orenl,  was  apjilied  to  it,  so  that,  while  to-day  the  ox  is 
tiipDira,  the  tapir  is  t(i/>,i)ir<i  kadimim.  There  is  anothoi- termi- 
nation ^Dt^n/,  which  also  distinguishes  a  dweller,  hut  it  dil'lbrs 
from  (O'im  in  that,  while  the  latter  conveys  the  idea  of 
dwelling  in  a  place  with  power  to  go  out  at  will,  the  latter 
means  a  dweller  in  a  locality  without  the  power  of  leaving  it; 
thus:  Tupaiil-m'ird  means  an  inhaliitant  of  the  city  of  Santa- 
ram,  but  pini  pnran'i-fvra,   the  lisli  that  lives  in  the  river. 


10 


a.  F.  JLirll, 


This  distinclinii  is  li.nvpvor  not  alwnys  iircsorvod.  Tlio  cor- 
rect use  of  tlirsc  1\V()  wolds  is  to  ii  straii,ti:(-'i-  very  ditHciilt. 
To  sliov  some  of  the  uses  of  ojiira,  the  following  examples 
ar<3  given  : 


A'dHi  pcKiiUdi'Irii  tii'i  <>rtJc(j 

Who  yim  "f  lias 

aerekuui? 
my  ouiii((;(;uril  ciip)? 

Ae  lnind('))-a):ir<i  iiiiitnsff, 

llu    sudik'iilv  sick  (was). 


Who  of  you  has  my  cuia; 

He  fell  suddenly  ill. 
I  came  for  a  moment. 


Xaijor  kiinitrij-ii>  int  (inliiia, 
I  came  (|uiikty  for. 

As  in  otlior  languages  compound  words  have  sometimes 
lost  their  diipinal  meaning  and  come  to  have  a  difTerent 
api)lication,  so  also  in  Lingoa  Geral.  One  illust ration 
will  snfiice:  htiii</  is  breast, /y^  water,  liquid,  whence  A"'(///,'/.V 
or  kamhfi'g  n.illv,  hut  since  the  term  has  come  to  l)e  applied 
to  the  miliv  or  sa[)  of  trees,  and  even  to  the  breast,  one 
sometimes  hears  hmffg  rfjJcKcr'/  for  milk,  tjlkncnt  being 
der'vcd  from  the  verb  f/yA-///- to  drop,  distil.  In  other  cases 
the  form  of  the  whole  or  of  part  of  a  compound  word  has 
changed  so  that  its  origin  is  unrecognizable  or  traceal)le  with 
difficulty,  thus :  w/nr/j//m  is  a  bow  ;  but  mini  is  a  bird,  and 
apdnt,  crooked  ;  onra  is  doubtless  a  corruption  of  d'odrti 
Qmhiird  Old  Tu]n),  a  stick  (tree). 

Tlic  adjective  is  indeclinable  and  foUows  the  noun  it  quali- 
fies, thus:  ltd  p<:<i>a  the  flat  stone;  api)giua  katu  the  good 
man.  When  however  the  adjective  forms  the  predicate  of  the 
verb  to  be  {iko)  expressed  or  understood,  it  always  takes  prc- 
fixeil  the  genitive  of  the  pronoun  agreeing  in  person  with  the 
subject,  thus : 

ixc  xckatil  .ndku,  or  simply,  Ice  sekatfi,     I  am  good,  w^ell. 

SekalU  mn-Uj   («<(?■;)   xaih},      I    am  pretty   well,  "  Eston 

zinho  bom"  (I'rainba).* 

Ikata  serd  oikd?     Is  he  (it)  good,  well  ? 

Inti  ipih-a  oik'J,      It  is  not  loaded  (the  gun). 


*  Iiuliiin  diaU'il. 


On  tlie  Jjiti(ji>a   lurid  <<f  tin'  Aiihizidkis. 


11 


Tlio  eor- 

(liniciilt. 

exiunplL'S 


iiy  cuiii? 


ill. 

neiit. 

ionictiincs 

(lin'ercnt 

iliist  ration 

ice  Jcitiii//y 

be  a[)plie(l 

reast,  one 

era    being 

itlier  cases 

word   has 

cable  with 

bird,  and 

of  il)iij)r(i 

\i\  it  quali- 
thc  good 

cate  of  the 
takes  prc- 

n  with  the 

3od,  well. 
II,  "  Estou 
'rainha).* 


v\ 


Ihi'  nniKiririr  ymi'i     Art  thou  tii'cd  ? 
Tlic  coniparative  is  I'ornied  by  tlie  use  of  j!;/yr,'/ (/»/)/•?)  :  by 
the  side  of. 

hie  ml;     i/md  p/)r//  aiiiiiifii  skJ, 

Thou  art  stronircf    'lan  tlie  others. 
J.vi'  .rii//ii)iiut<ir  jifirfi kiiiii  kun'i}]-imiki'i  rrsr,  xurf/rcti'  rcs^, 
I  like  tiiis  uirl  l)est  because  she  is  very  good  natured. 

The  numerals  are  oidy  three: 

1.   Lp'S  '\'/'.'J"S  '" "//'.■/".'•      -•  M"/''i'>i!l-      •'•  Moit(tj)i/^r. 

Above  these  tlio  niodilied  l\)rtujiucs('  numerals,  t/infro, 
Kuihi,  itc  .  are  used.  It  will  be  reiucmbeird  that  other  Soutli 
American  languages  are  ctiually  dt^licient  in  numerals,  while 
some  triltes,  as  for  instance  the  Hotocudus,  cannot  count. 
The  numeral  adverbs  are  formed  by  adding  fj  to  the  numer- 
als, thus : 

EiiiHi   tnos((jif/'r   fi'I         Cut  it  three  times  ! 

The  personal  pronouns  are :  //v',  1  ;  inde  or  hir,  thou  ;  ae 
he,  she;  jiine  or  ijaiulr.  we;  jx'ni'rji  Qx'i'inf)  ye;  auija  or 
iTintii,  they.     They  are  declined  as  follows: 

1st  personal  j)ronoun : 

Sing.  ri. 

Nom.    1x6  Yand6  or  yanc 

Gen.     Se-  Yande-  or  nane- 

Dat.      TxeH  YandvH,  or  yancH 

Ace.      At'-  Yandi- 01' y<inc- 

Ab.        Setsui  Yande  or  ynw'Hui. 

The  termination  in  the  dative  is  derived  from  an  old 
post-position  ho,  now  obsolete  in  Lingoa  Ceral,  »u2)c  having 
taken  its  place,  but  still  |)reserved  on  the  Rio  Negro.  This 
old  form  is  used  to  distinguish  the  dative  of  the  1st  pers.  pro- 
noun from  that  of  the  t]d  pers. 
2d  personal  pronoun : 

Sing.  PI. 

Nom.    hide  or  iii^  PcFu'rij 

Gen.     JVe-  Pe-" 

Dat.      Indeii  or  ineii  Penimo 

Ace.     Nc-  Pe- 

Ah.       NeHui  Pesut 


) 


12 


('.   F.  Havtt, 


8d  personal  pronoim : 


Sing. 
Noni.    AH 
r.cn.      7- 
Dat.       Ixupe 
Ace.      Av-  (?) 
Al).        lr>n 


PI. 

aii)]a  (Jiintd^* 
(iinjii- 
aiuja  xnpi' 
aCiija  (Jiinid) 
auya  xki. 


What  arc  you  doing  ? 


The  ilenionstrativc  pronouns  aro  Jciiae  {kttad,  htd')  \]\\^, 
and  hac  {n(i(i,  Tuuiij,  h<i)  that. 

Tl\e  intcrroiiiitives  are  dma  ?  who  ?  wc/r  (jnhiir,  ihIkki,  hiIkii 
vHuU  '«'/,)  V  wliich,  whafr  These  aro  used  with  the  inter- 
rogative partiele  tur  {tad,  ttf),  tluis: 

A'axi  tai'  omanu?     Who  died  't 

Mkc  tuc,     ] 

Mad  tad  or  |-  roiwndij  ? 

Mlnid  tiid,  ) 

Mae  ap!)i/d(0(i  tur  r<\>i/>idk  dii?     What  man  did  you  see? 
The  only  relative  pronoun  is  o)uc  who,  or  which  : 

X<iApidk  ai>!)(jdv>a  onffk  unte  kt(V)<c,  1  sec  the  man  who 
arrived  yesterday. 

Xaxipidk  ma<i  rexip:  'k  mar,     I  see  that  which  thou  secst. 

Verhs  vary  nuieh  in  the  (Midings  of  their  roots,  as  may  he 
seen   from  the  examples  given  through  this  paper;  many 

end  in  r. 

The  persons  arc  distinguislied  by  pronominal  ])rcfixcs,  thus 
in  the  indclinite  tense  oi"  the  verb  vimi),  to  give,  wc  have— 

ri. 

Yanc  yonn'ry 


Sing. 


1.  ZiiJ  -.ramrr)) 


Pen<p''ii  p<'»i','{'>) 


2.  Im^  rnni;('i), 
;5.  Ac  o)ni;(')j  auya  (auttd)  omeeij. 

The  verb  may  be  used  with  the  pronominal  prefix  alone, 
iust  as  in  Portuguese  or  Latin  the  pronominal  suffix  is  suffi- 
cient to  mark  the  person  and  number  without  the  pronoun. 

Where  the  ol)jcet  of  a  verb  is  a  personal  pronoun,  it  is  prc- 
fi.Kod  to  the  verb,  thus:  Ixe  jH'nuinu,  i  love  yc,  the  ordinary 
prcfix-jjronoun  being  omitted. 

» I  have  observed  nintil  only  in  tlio  nominative  and  accusative.    It  may 
porliaiis  lie  used  in  oilier  cases. 


5 


/ 


On  thi'   L'niii'tii    (ri'fdl  "J'  thf  Ainuzonas. 


U 


IH((I,    nihil-: 

[he  iutor- 


ou  see  : 

man  who 

ion  secst. 
,s  may  be 
31' ;  many 

fixes,  thus 
have — 


ifix  alone, 
ix  is  suffi- 
roiioun. 
,  it  is  pre- 
!  ordinary 

ve.    It  may 


0 


Tlic  tenses  are  distingnishcd  delinitely  by  auxiliary  vcrl)s 
and  certain  particles. 

Tiie  present  iiidefniite  is  formed  by  add  in  j>;  the  pronominal 
prelix  to  the  verlt,  tlms :  Lie  j-<i(/j<ik{iii  I   liiid.  luit  tliis.  same 
form    miiiht   be    nsed   as    past    or    future.     'I'iie    jursent    is 
expresscii  definitely  by  adding  the  verlt  iko  to  be,  as  an  aux- 
iliary, lK)tli  talving  the  pronominal  prefix,  tlms: 
Xaniuinuii  .f<iik<_'>,     I  am  iinishing. 
Xninuwdj  .niiko,      I  am  making. 
Wliilc  xdikij,  idone,  would  be  either  present,  or  past,  as  an 
auxiliary  without  a  particle  it  can  serve  to  distinguish  only 
the  present. 

The  imi)erfcct  would  he  xnmi(Mt)  xnik6  ramS^  rami  being 
an  advcrl)  meaning  irlwii^  tlins: 

XuHo  .raiko  ruim'  senlka  h!)t//,  xdmanith]  akadiiionosdra  irion^ 
As  I  was  going  to  my  house  I  met  a  hunter. 

The  perfect  definite  is  formed  by  adding  mihi  (^ari)  to  the 
indefinite  tense,  thus  :  xniiiul'iij  man.  1  made. 

The  pluperfect  is  expressed  l»y  the  addit'on  of  rame  to  the 
perfect,  thus : 

Xai/upir  (in  rame  ijoyijtera  drpe,  xaxipidk  opdhj  mae,  When 
I  had  climl)ed  upon  the  mountain,  I  saw  every-thing. 

The  future  definite  is  formed  by  adding  kiiri  (by  and  Ity) 
to  the  indefiuite  tense,  thus : 

Xayukd  kuri  7uok^hj  suasil,     I  will  kill  two  deer. 

ApDi/dma  kur'i  oman6,    The  man  will  (must)  die. 

The  future  ])erfect  is  formed  by  adding  kuri  rame  to  the 
perfect  definite :  xamuady  wdu  kuri  rame,  When  1  shall 
have  made. 

In  a  similar  way  other  tenses  are  formed. 

Rame  sometimes  takes  the  place  of  if,  as  in  the  following 
sentences : 

Amdna  okijr  rame  inti  xaso, 
If  it  rains  I  will  not  go. 

YamuUdy  ramS  nae,  kuncmfi  tee  i/amand, 
If  we  do  this,  we  may  die. 

Moi'a  oyukd  rami  tapahuna,  arami  kuri  ixe  xayukd  moi'a. 
If  the  snake  kills  the  negro,  I  will  kill  the  snake. 
3 


i 


14 


C.  F.  Hartt, 


X-iffkn  rmnii  avift,  xamrnj  oinu  I  net', 

iri  had  analhor  I  would  i^ivc  it  to  you. 
The  following  arc  imperative  Ibrnis  of  the  \erbs  nirr))  give, 
munuy  make,  u  eat,  and  suk  wash : 

Eme(;r)  itd  ixeii!    Give  me  the  stone! 
Pemuhiir]  tatd!       Make  (ye)  fire  ! 
Yai/iixi'(/cl  Let  us  Itathe  ourselves! 

an  I  Eat  (thou)  ! 

The  verb  8;Uo  go  *d  incgulai-  in  the  imperative,  making 
xa8(1 1  go,  but  ckuly  !  go  tliou  !     yaxo  dn  !  let  us  go ! 

When  the  verbs  jnifdr  to  wish,  desire,  kuttii  to  be  able,  to 
know,  are  used  as  auxiliaries  with  a  veri),  this  last  takes  the 
pronominal  prefix  and  is  followed  by  pii tar  or  kiuiii,  without 
prefix,  thus : 

Intt  anndij  kuau,  semanidr       I  cannot  run,  on  account 

rcte  reso,  of  being  very  tired. 

Xasd  piitdr  neirfm,  I  wish  to  go  with  thee. 

The  reflexive  is  formed  by  prefixing  yii  (^ije  ?)  to  tl-.e  verb  : 
Suk  to  wash,  i/miik  to  wash  oneself. 

Mutiniu  to  swing,       .fdj/uiiiutiiiiu  I  swing  myself. 
Mtihdtj  1o  make.  punuha}]  to  grow. 

A6  oi/iti/ukd  jnitdr,     He  wishes  to  kill  himself. 
The  causative  may  be  made  by  prefixing  mii  (»«'/)  to  the 
verb,  thus: 

Fan  to  finish,  xamumaa  to  cause  to  finish, 

Katdk  to  shake,  makatdk  to  cause  to  shake. 

Yamau  to  flee,  muyaoMu  to  frighten  away,  put  to 

flight. 
Xas6  xamiqmdm  tayna,     I  cause  the  child  to  rise. 
From  sakd  hot,  is  formed  musakd  to  heat,  whence  yumusakd 
to  heat  oneself. 

By  the  use  of  the  same  prefix  a  great  number  of  verljs  are 
made  from  adjectives :  pirdya  red,  mupirdy  to  make  red ; 
santdy  firm,  liard,  musantdy  to  make  firm  or  strong ;  saimS 
sharp,  masaime  to  sharpen. 

To  express  that  a  thing  is  ordered  to  be  done,  kar  is  added 
to  the  verb,  thus  : 


I  n 


\ 


On  thr  Lim/'ia  Grrnl  of  thr  Amazonas*. 


15 


,crbs  meer)  give, 


ves ! 

crative,  making 
,  us  go  I 

T<  to  be  able,  to 
s  last  takes  the 
31-  kuau,  without 

run,  on  account 
very  tiretl. 
i>o  with  thee. 
r'  ?)  to  tl-.e  vei-b  : 
iclf. 
ig  myself. 

himself. 

nut  ("«'>)  to  the 

36  to  finish, 

3  to  shake. 

itcu  away,  put  to 

to  rise, 
rlience  yumusakd 

iber  of  verbs  are 
Uj  to  make  rod ; 
r  strong ;   sahne 

one,  kar  is  added 


Xavntnaij  hir  tiit(i,  1  ordered  fire  to  bo  made. 

Xai/iOHiir  kar  pntdr,  (luxiii  1  wish  to  order  prayers  to  be 
yaijumumrdi  ardma^ycqnt-  said  ( niandar  rosar),  in  or- 
r<t>«il  ardma,  dcr  that  afterwards  we  may 

dance  and  play. 

XaK<>  jdseruk  kdr  scmiimfi'-  1  am  going  to  Older  my  child 
ra,*  kiinnnfi  h;(-  omtvifi  to  lie  baptized  ;  it  might  die 
kurutrjj-ajdra  sera  f/ma,^        suddenly  without  a  name. 

The  following  is  an  exanijde  of  word-building  of  a  more  than 
usTial  polysyntlietie  character  :  okdijn  is  head.  (iiiCi  liad,  whence 
ahnjat/u  crazy:  hnidhnjaiiu  would  be  'to  make  crazy',  'to 
seduce  ',  '  to  turn  one's  head  ";  the  reflexive  form  woidd  be 
ynmiKihiijaijO  whence  Tdjiiimnahnjuyfi  I  make  myself  crazy; 
mudkaijiiyKxdfd  is  a  seducer,  one  who  makes  poojile  crazy. 

Tliere  lieing  no  proper  conjun<*tioiis  in  Fiingoa  Geral,  cir- 
cumlocutions arc  used  or  the  rortuguesc!  forms  are  employed. 
Sometimes  and  is  expressed  by  yah-  (again). 

Adverbs  and  adverbial  i)hrascs  are  numerous.  The  follow- 
ing are  exami)les :  ike  Port,  a^m  ?  here  ;  mhiir  there ;  oodn 
Oni')  already:  rete  very,  Ac.  Several  adverljs  are  formed 
from  the  noun  iintr  (vdiar)  thing  (what),  by  adding  adverbs 
or  post-positions,  thus:  wrr('  /r.sr.^  (for  what  ?)  why?  mar- 
yamO?  (like  what  ?)  how?  mnrkiiifil  (toward  what?)  whither? 
viaesui?  (from  what?)  whence?  tfec. 

Post-positions  are  numerous.  The  following  are  among  the 
more  important :  ardma  for,  in  order  to,  kf/li)  to,  towards,  sai 
from,  pupe  inside  of,  drpe  on  top  of,  opd  upon,  irCim  with,  rir^ 
after,  supc  to. 

Some  of  the  post-positions  are  used  as  suffixes:  as  for 
instance,  -pe  {-nir)  in ;  vkap(!  in  the  house,  parandme  in  (or 
on)  the  river.  1  have  already  spoken  of  the  old  form  -bd  to, 
which  appears  in  the  dative  sing,  and  pi.  of  i.n1  and  ine ;  in 


•  The  niotlicr  culls  l)oth  son  and  daughter,  mymyWa  ;  tho  fiitlier  -ays  tuy'iri  son, 
hvyha  danjiliter.  The  names,  indicating  relationship  nsod  hy  the  woniiin  are 
different  from  tliosc  \ised  by  the  man.  This  subject  will  be  tliorou';hly  discnssed 
elsewhere. 

Mima  is  a  jirivative  suffix.  It  is  fouml  also  in  Munduruc'  thus:  Mehiyhii 
blind,  without  eyes,  smd  y'lm  Lingoa  Geral. 


16 


C.  F.  Jfurit, 


pehilmo,  we  have  an  f-xainplo  of  the  inU'i-clmi.;re  of  b  witli  m  ; 
pei'Iiaps  origiimlly  this  iKHt-pusition  was  ->///»-. 

Tho  iiifhienco  of  tho  Tn|.i  on  the  Portugncso,  as  spoken  in 
Hrazil.  has  heen,  if  anythin,--',  ^ivQ-M^n-  llian  that  of  the  I'ortu- 
guo.seon  i\xv.  Tiipi.     If  (1,0  Tupi    has  l)oen   foraMl   to  adopt 
many  I'oitu.i-iK^se  words  and  idionjs,  i,  i^,  as  I  l,ave  sliown,  so 
Hexilde  a  lan<-uage  that  it  lias  admitted  of  the  creation  of  ner.- 
words  from  ahcady  existin-.-  roots;  hut  tli(    Port nouosc  has 
hccM  forced  to  adopt  from  tho  Tupi  the  names  i,f  almost  all  the 
plants  and  animals  of  Iha/.il.  and   to  a  very  larue  extent  the 
geographical  names  also.     The  plants  and'  animiils  of  Brazil 
heing  entirely   dillerent  from  those  of  Portugal,  the   Portii- 
gncse  ctdonist  (.n  his  arrival  ir  South  AuMM'ica  found  himself 
without  names  for  them,  and   since  tlie  Tupi   names  recpiired 
but  little  change  to  lit  them    for  admission  into  the   Portu- 
guese vocahuhuy,  they  were  readily  adopted.     Many  Portu- 
guese idioms  have  crept  into  the   Tupi;  hut,  on  the  other 
hand,  the   Portuguese,  as  spoken  on  the  Aniii/.onas,  lu'sides 
containing  a  la.-e  admixture  of  Tupi  words,  is  coirupted  hy 
many  Tupi  idioms. 

To  illustrate  more  fully  the  structure  of  the  Tiingoa  Geral, 
I  have  appended  to  this  j.aper,  with  interlinear  translations' 
one  of  the  shortest  of  the  myths  I  collected  on  the  Amazonas. 
It  was  dictated  to  me  hy  an  Indian,  and  I  have  tried  to  report 
it  exactly  as  spoken.     The  omru  is  a  species  of  Ihis  —  a  beau- 
tiful bird   extremely  aliundant  on   th.;   island  of  Marajd  or 
Johannes,   and  distinguished   hy   its  brilliant   red  plumage. 
The  karudii\ii  a  night-bird  of  the  goat-sneker  family  and  notnl 
for  its  somiire  plumage.     The  story  relates  how  the  ibis,  fall- 
ing in   love   with  the  re<l  coat  {nonLcf)  of  the  night-bird, 
borrowed   it,  ostensibly  to  attend  a  feast  on  the  island  of 
Maraji'),  Init  he  never  returned,  with  it,  wherefore  the  /nmiri// 
still  mourn.s  his  treachery,  clad  in  the  somine-hued  coat  of 
the  ibis. 

The  mythology  of  tiie  'I'upfs  was  fdiaracterized  by  great 
simplicity.  If  we  may  a(  cept  the  testimony  of  earlv  writers, 
they  believed  in  a  sort  of  .ndestial  deity,  Tiipati ;  but  under 
Portuguese  influence  the  eonc(;ption  of  this  spirit  lias  been  so 


-ll 


1 : 


i,'>o  of  (>  willi  tn  ; 

3e,  as  spoken  in 

ia<  tif  tlic  I'oitu- 

I'nircil   to  atlopt 

liiivo  sliowii,  so 

Croat  ion  of  nor/ 

I'oi'tngiiosc  lias 

in  almost  all  tlie 

aru'o  oxtoiit  tlic 

liniiils  oC  iJriizil 

igal,  tlio   I'ortii- 

n  ruinid  Iiinisolf 

nanios  rocjiiirod 

llto    llii"     |'()i-(u- 

Many  roitii- 
t,  on  the  other 
i!'/.oi:as,  l)osiiJos 
is  t'oi  riiptod  hy 

'  Fiiiiuua  Gei-al, 

iir  ti'aiislafions, 

the  Aniazonas. 

tried  to  report 

I  his  —  a  hcau- 

of  .Mjirajci  or 

red  plumage. 

luily  and  noted 

V  the  ihis,  I'all- 

the  night-hir<|, 

the  island  oi' 

re  the  kdrauj/ 

e-hued  coat  of 

•ized  hy  great 
early  writers, 
'n  ;  hilt  under 
it  has  heen  so 


On  the  Linifoa   G<r<d  "f  tin'  Ammonai*. 


1 


•1 


completely  merged  in  that  of  the  Christian  Cod  that  \  fear  it  is 
now  impossihle  to  disentangle  and  n'hal.ilitate  the  old  myth. 
A  demon,  YitniparU  has,  in  like  manner,  l.ecome  confused 
with  the  Semitic  de*il.     Although   usually   anliiropomorphic 
this  last  spirit,  sometimes  ajijiears  asii/rf/«N//  //r^wr/V(^  half  hog, 
half  jaguar,  a  raving  wcn'wolf.     The  h'uni/iirax  are  anthropo- 
morphic, male  or  femah',  '.roll-like,  forest  spirits,  eharaeterized 
by  reversed  feet,  who  appea.-  suddenly,  like  a  Hash,  l)eforo  the 
eyes  of  the  liewihlered   wanderer   in  the   forest,  leading  him 
astray,   and    perhaps    to    destruction.      They    are    generally 
malehcent,  hut  may  occasionally  do  man  a  g(.od  turn,  and 
many  myths  dcscrihc   how  the   Imliaii  hunter  has  received 
from  them  arrows  that  never  missed  their  mark.     The  hiirn- 
firaii  are  often  fond  of  playing  serious  practical  Jokes,  l)ut 
they  may,  however,  lie  oulwitled  liy  nuvn,  and,  in  a  story  that 
iinds  its  counterpart   in  the  Norse  tale  of  "  Hoots  who  ate  a 
matcli    with  a  Troll,"'  —  a  hunter  induced  one  to  cut  himself 
open  and  thus  commit   suicide!     The    Olani  or  water-spiite 
hgures  largely  in  Tupi  mythology  ami,  like  the  mermen  and 
mermaids  of  Xorth-lMiropean  mythology,  carries  human  beings 
down  t(j  its  su.ha(pieous  habitation. 

Animal  myths  are  numerous  an«l  hear  a  very  striking 
resemblance  to  the  zolilogical  myths  of  the  Old  World.  J  have, 
for  instance,  found  among  the  Indians  of  the  Amazonas  a 
story  of  a  tortoise  that  outran  a  deer  by  posting  its  relations, 
at  short  distances  apart,  along  the  road  over  which  the 
race  was  to  be  run  — a  fabh^  found  also  in  Africa  and  Siam ! 
A  great  many  other  fal)les  are  related  of  the  tortoise  ;  as,  for 
ins°tance,  how  he  laid  a  wager  with  a  big  ilsh  that  he  coidd 
pull  him  on  shore,  and  with  a  tapir  that  he  could  pull  him 
down  to  the  river,  and  how  he  gained  the  wager  by  tying  the 
two  animals  togetlier  by  a  lliana  (.■*(>;;),— each  becoming 
exhausted  in  his  endeavors  to  resist,  as  he  thought,  the  ellbrt 

of  the  tortoise. 

The  swau-maideu  appears  in  the  myth  of  the  FaitCma  as  a 
parrot,  who  lays  aside  her  feather  dress  and  becomes  a  maiden. 
A  man  seizes  her  l)efore  she  can  regain  her  dress  and  she  is 
compelled  to  remain  in  human  form;  so  she  becomes  his  wife 


IS 


G.   F.   Ua'-tt, 


iiiul  tlio  mother  of  a  now  (ril)O.  Mvllis  of  tlic  uiidorworld  are 
coinmoii,  ospooiiilly  ainonir  tlni  Miiiidunicus,  iuid,  if  space 
would  allow  MIC,  1  could  indicate  many  other  points  of  rcsem- 
l)lauce  l)etwoen  Tupf  and  Old  World  mytliolo^y. 

As  I  hopo  soon  to  puldish  in  full  the  myths  I  have  coliccti  d, 
with  translations  and  notes,  1  siiall  I'ot  Ikmo  enter  into  any 
discussion  as  to  tiieir  meaning  or  probable  oirgin. 


Olmui       (^il'imij)       /\<n'<tih). 

Tin:    mis  CIIKAT.S      Till-;  Nlilll-IIWVK. 

R! mi(>'i)-ii)ii I'll  (ji I'd .')     kdniih/      <>i'i';('!1    rarii'^  mira      iliunr^ 
Oiicu  upon  ii  tiiiu:  tin' iiiL;lil-lm\vk  hi' s|iiikc    ivlicii  |ii'()|)le  (iiiuti)  like, 


■tku))ii.iti       ijiuni'j      rcti',       Iph'tfi) 
his  shirt  prutf/  very  red 


7'rXf'. 
hoiMiisf. 


ipi.ritii, 
hhu'k 


aijii. 


Ohtrd       oiiiiii'n      Jciiriiih/ 
The  iliis       :ic  lonknl    iiii;ht  li:nvk 


0)tif(i      k(iini.n( 
'I'lie  iliis's         sliirt 

rcifr,      oipiiiiiifdr*' 

ii*,         1r'  whs  ]i1lms;'iI 

"  XilXii    Xi'jj'ilKlj/^ 
1  jro         I  ohiiu 

make.         Kttae 


'{•anti't,]  kaiii'i.vd         rcsr.  ^^''".'.7/ ■ 

thi!  iii};lit  lm\vk';i     sliin        on  iK'coinit  (if.        Mr  saiil 

knae  karduij  y      Olard     nKi'/k     kia'diiij 

this     ni^ht  iiawk.      Tiic  il)i.s    urrivi'il   nijiht  Imwk       hy  tlii'  siilc  of.         Tliis 

yn(oa    oni'ri/    ixupe :    ^^  Jy/>iinH  r/o/)/  (raru')  nekamixd  ixi'iir^ 
like      lie  s|ii)ko     to  him :  Lcnil  thy  shirt     tome! 

Kardiii]  (i/n)ru>ii'i     ciard  xii/tr:   MufrrHr  kidfr  rfpurd 

Till' ni^lit  luiwk     lie  nskeil       tlie  ihi.s       to:  Why         (now)  thou  liorrowesc 

jmfdr      seka»i,i.rd  ?^'      CDard       osiut.rdr :     '*  A'^s.'         ardma 
wisi.  my  sliirt  '.  The  ibis         he,  imswereit  1  }io  in  order  to 

.vdjpoiiHixit'di'^   }[ciriTi'<jlii\  .id/nirdsin pxfd/'.^^      Kardinj     "nrrj/ 
aiiiiise  myself  Miiriiji'i  in,  I  diiiue        wish.      The  ni<iht  hawk  he  snid 

"  Atr  II   macramd  ?  "        Oard       osnaxdr  :     •'  At('  niosap//r  dm 

Until  when  ?  The  ibis      he  answered  :      Until        tlireo       days 

rli'i'.''^  Kiiralii)         oi/>iu_</     iknni!.rit.      Oimp'')}    ivnrd     xiipc 

after.        The  iiij;ht  hawk   he  took  off     his  shirt.         He  f^avo     die  iliis         to 

*  Probiihiy  reflexive  from  imliir  to  ^<T^♦^'.^*t|•^      +  I-'iifjiiiiar,  I'ortugiiese. 

}  The  verb  puni  moans  both  lend  and  horrnii;  so  the  Indian  says  in  Portiijiiicse 
Kiiipresta  me  a  amoa  do  Siiilior !  whieh  is  correet,  and  fin  emprestei  a  canoa  do 
hoiiicm,  instead  of  toinei  t'inpresludo  n  cniioa  do  huniem,  or  o  honipiii  me  eiiiprestou  sua 
caiiod.  This  jmt.i  one  in  mind  of  the  Tn]iiiism  Klla  Jhi  euclur  mjoa  no  potc,  in- 
stead of  lilln  Jul  p.nchir  o  pale  dc  ai/oii. 

§  Verb  rcHexive  and  causative,  nvobably  from  same  root  as  sun}'  happy. 

II  Portuirnese. 


I 


iWi'i 


I 


I'll"  1'" w— 


On  llif  JJtii/od   (hnti  iif  till'  AmnziindK. 


I'.t 


lorwiirlil  arc 
ml,  if  space 
its  of  rcsein- 

^'0  collect (  (I, 
,er  iiito  any 


'ira       i/'i'or, 

|)le  (iiiuti)  like, 

•ft      k(iml.rd 
lis's         sliirt 

oi/i()infi(fr* 

1r'  w.is  ]i1lms;'iI 

ti)    X'^ljiinujl^ 
I  oliciU,' 


Icof. 


Tliis 


niXd  ixt'u! 
shirt     to  mr ! 

re  pur  u 
thou  l>orn)\v(.'sc 

'         antma 
in  order  to 

raioj     (ihi'(')i 
ht  hawk  he  said 

mnsapffr  dra 
three       (hiys 

ward     xiipc 
he  ibis        to 


ortugiiose. 
I  in  PortHKiicsc 
stei  a  canoa  do 
\e  etiijirestoit  sua 
ii/oa  no  potc,  in- 

'  happv. 


'"'■  KiiHikol,  cnnrd !     jfVrtj' '     HOjiimh],  mrnnhi''       /«<'!"     (third 
Here  iliis !  Do  not       nie  clieat,      me  await  tiion !        Tlie  iliis 

o»6    dn,     int!  nnin     ci/ddr,       '>«;'    rrtr  aidn        kiintihj       khi. 

went  (away)       never        he  ntnriied,  he  went  eonipletely  the  ninlit  liawk  from. 

Int!  (i)dii     oipilciidii       hmhhj       klltfi-  Karduij        oxurfuf 

never         he'ai)i)earfd  theni);lit  iiawk    toward.      'i'he  nii;lit  hawk  lie  awaited 

ward.     Intl.    oi/i(kniTu.         h'lriiih/       i/njii'i    nxiiinihiil,    "'l'.';'/;* 

tliu  ihis.       Not     h^!' appeared.     'IMii' ni-ht  liawk      wept,         lie  crieil,        lie  said, 


(( 


tnard\      prCir  Hehimlxd  Ln'ii '."     J\ii//'r  osupnkdl       t,Tic 

I'dny       my  ."liirt       tome!"  Now        lii' eriiil      ;ilway>  (still) 


IliiH, 

mard 


rcuc. 
»       on  aceoiint  of. 

•  rrohihitive  partiele. 


From  verli  sdrth). 


Note  on  thk  Mundurucu  and  Mauk  LAN(iUA(;Ks. 
The  Mniulurucii  language  abound.s  in  dull  sountLs,  and  is 
very  dilFicnlt  to  pronounce.  Tlic  word  for  _///'•  J  will  write 
nixd,  but  flic  fir.st  letter  represents  a  dull  sound  that  swings, 
so  to  s[)eak,  through  y,  /,  n,  ml,  d,  to  t.  If  a  native  is  com- 
pelled to  pronounce  the  word  slowly  or  distinctly,  he  may  use 
the  sound  represented  by  any  one  of  these  letters  or  combina- 
tions. The  collection  and  verification  of  a  vocabulary  is,  as 
may  be  imagined,  exceedingly  dillicult. 

Though  widely  ditlerent  from  the  Tiipi,  ancient  or  modern, 
I  am  satisfied  that  the  Mundurucu  belongs  to  the  same  family. 
Tiic  following  are  a  few  words  and  phrases  for  comparison 
with  the  Lingoa  Geral  and  Tupi : 

LisiiOA  Gekal. 

tesd, 

kupixdooa, 

ltd, 

sdooa  (^saba  Tupi), 

dka, 

pakCia, 

kip,  hjjmd  (Jcyhd  Tupi), 

eriiti  ipiidju,  neturina  ^mifpe, 


MUND. 

coetdj 
kp,    ^ 
(Bitad, 
sap, 

l)9<i, 
alcobd, 


pomd  col? 


mbad  sui ? 


IVVGLISII. 

eye. 
farm, 
stoue. 
hair, 
house, 
banana, 
ground,  earth, 
louse. 

your  breeches  are 
on  the  ground, 
whence  ? 


■JO  C.    /'.   Ifiirll. 

,„hr.  i.rrll    (ixrhn  Tupi),  td  llll". 

/•«.///'■  l/>t/c'  '/'•'nhi    taiiim    f/oif)    opf/k'lhf    the    lio^;    roDts   in 
djal    ■  i'ip//'.!l  «'■''"«.  liiu^nouiKlwilh 

his  siioiil. 

The  Miiud  is  a  soft  miisifiil  hiii,mia,L'c  very  closoly  iilliod  to 
tin-  Liii«iOii  (Jcial.  It  nlMtiiinls  in  vowds,  and  doi-s  not  allow 
(louhlf  conHonunts.  ll  lias  a  M»und  intcrniodiato  lictwoen  r 
and  /  and,  l.esidcs,  a  soil  v.  lis  vocaltnlary  more  ni-arly  ro- 
;s(Mnl.lL's  the  Tnpi  than  ilocs  the  Miui<lniucn.  I  givo  hidow 
a  lew  wonh  and  phrases  lor  couiparison. 

Of  this  heantil'nl  langnage  no  vocahnlary  has,  so  far  as  I 
know,  been  pul)lishcd.  1  have  ready  for  the  press  an  extensive 
one  aeeonipanied  by  a  huge  number  of  sentences  illustrating 
tbn  grannnatieal  strnetnre  of  the  language. 


Maui':. 

lilNOOA  (iKll.M. 

Knomsu. 

Du'tt, 

6hi, 

house. 

s('t, 

srra, 

name. 

ilV!l\ 

Dmil,  C,^/./}  Tui 

n), 

ground,  earth. 

kjlxd]], 

ptrdtja. 

red. 

pf/xiip, 

ki)sd(i>ii, 

hanunock. 

lll'//t(l}), 

jtKudDa, 

medicine. 

axitu, 

ooanCi, 

great. 

til. 

(*/y  Tupt), 

mother. 

atemtkd. 

xui/iikd, 

1  kill. 

atrn'ku, 

aiirck'J, 

1  have. 

v(p^ 

peO)a  (^pvla  T 

Upl), 

ilat. 

aiknmdt  kahi>  eka- 

maij  (oa4  tae 

neilydrd 

what  is  the  length 

nd  yady 

kdp't 

ri(!]d<»n  ? 

of  vour  canoe? 

kdt    kahu 

ctarut 

mcic  tad  rcrur 

ixeu  ? 

what  do  you  ))rhig 

ohepe  'i 

me? 

ll 


i 


f 


(»^  routs  ill 
^rouiiil  witlj 
.siiniil. 

icly  alliiMl  to 
OS  not  allow 
0  lii'twi'iMi  r 
iru  lu'iiily  le- 
fl'ivo  Ir'Iow 


I 


,,  80  far  as  I 
an  extensive 
8  iiUistrating 


NOMSIl. 


d,eartli. 


noclt. 
cine. 

cr. 

e. 


\ 


is  the  length 
yonr  canoe? 
do  you  ))ring 


/ 


/I 


